This course covers normal valvular anatomy, pathological process of valvular diseases of the heart and associated calculations to include continuity equation, Bernoulli’s equation and variable Color and Spectral Doppler formulas and equations. This course provides a foundation in the principles of preload and after load and the causes of pressure overload/volume overload in relation to valvular pathology. This course also covers prosthetic valves and accompanying surgeries. Discussion is both detailed and concise for understanding and comprehension. Critical thinking will be emphasized to evaluate normal versus pathology in structures, measurements, and anatomy and physiology with case study evaluations.